Fig. 3
Acute PM2.5 exposure induces choroidal vasodilation and inflammation in mice. A HE staining for the morphology of the choroid (red brackets) and RPE (red arrows) in mice exposed to PBS or PM2.5 for 3 days. PBS, phosphate buffer saline. B–D Measurements of mice central (n = 5), middle (n = 5), and peripheral choroid thickness (n = 4) in HE staining images. E Measurements of mice RPE thickness (n = 5) in HE staining images. F OCTA images of the choroid blood vessels in mice before and after exposure of PBS or PM2.5 for 3 days. G The ratio of choroid blood flow signal intensity in mice before and after 3 days exposure to PBS (n = 3) or PM2.5 (n = 4). H Expression of inflammation-related proteins in mouse RPE/choroidal tissues suggested by immunoblotting. GAPDH served as the internal control. IL1B, interleukin 1 beta; IL6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. I Quantification of shown blots, normalized by GAPDH (n = 3). Data in (B–E, G, I) are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001