Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Table 1 Experimental studies in mice investigating the effect of ambient particulate matters, or DEP on the gut microbiota, intestinal tract, liver, and/or glucose metabolism (M, males; F, females)

From: Diesel exhaust particles alter the profile and function of the gut microbiota upon subchronic oral administration in mice

	Mouse model	Diet	Route	Material	Dose	Duration	Effect on
	Mouse model	Diet	Route	Material	Dose	Duration	Gut	Liver	Glucos	GM
Tomaru et al. 2007 [29]	db/db, F	standard	intratracheal	DEP	100 μg/2 wk	12, 18 wk		+
Sun et al. 2009 [10]	C57Bl/6, M	high fat	inhalation	PM_2.5	72.7 μg/m³	24 wk			+
Nemmar et al. 2013 [30]	streptozocin-induced diabetic TO, M	standard	Intratracheal	DEP	400 μg/kg b.w.	24 h		+
Kish et al. 2013 [25]	w.t. and IL-10^−/− 129/Sv	standard	gavage	urban PM₁₀	18 μg/g b.w./d 10–13 μg/g/d	7–14 d 35 d	+			+
Salim et al. 2014 [26]	IL-10^−/− 129/Sv, F	standard	food	urban PM₁₀	9 μg/g food	10–20 wk	+			+
Li et al. 2017 [27]	Ldlr−/− C57Bl/6, M	Western diet	gavage	UFP	3 × 40 μg/wk					+
Xu et al. 2017 [31]	w.t. and nrf2^−/− C57Bl/6, M	standard	inhalation	PM_2.5	64 μg/m³	12 wk		+	+
Mutlu et al. 2018 [22]	C57Bl/6, M	standard	inhalation	PM	135 μg/m³	3 wk				+
Wang et al. 2018 [23]	C57Bl/6j, M	standard	inhalation	PM_2.5	276 ± 170 μg/m³	1 y			+	+
Li et al. 2019 [32]	C57Bl/6, MF	standard	inhalation	DEP	300 μg/m³, 1 h/d	28 d	+			+
Fitch et al. 2020 [33]	ApoE^−/−, M	high fat	inhalation	mixed diesel and gasoline exhaust dust	300 μg/m³	50 d	+			+
present study	C57Bl/6, F	standard	gavage	DEP	3x(40, 200 or 1000 ng)/wk	24 wk				+
present study	ApoE^−/−, F	Western			3x(200 or 1000 ng)/wk	12 wk

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