From: The critical role of endothelial function in fine particulate matter-induced atherosclerosis
Reference | Endothelial cells lines | PM2.5 source | Exposure concentration | PM2.5 Exposure time | Evaluation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[110] | EA.hy926 | Beijing, China Urban PM2.5 | PM2.5: 2, 10, 40, 100, 200, 1000 μg /cm2; SOD (ROS scavenger): 0.5 mg/ml. | 24 h | Trace elements in PM2.5 suspension, water-insoluble and water-soluble; Cell viability; ROS; MMP; Apoptosis. |
[111] | EA.hy926, HUVECs | PM2.5 SRM1648a, NIST, USA | PM2.5: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μg /cm2; 4-PBA (ER stress inhibitor): 1 mM; 3-MA (a classical PI3K III inhibitor, autophagy antagonist): 2.5 mM; Rapa (an mTOR inhibitor, autophagy agonist): 50 nM; Bafi A1 (a proton-pump inhibitor, autolysosome inhibitor): 20 nM. | 24 h | Cell viability; ER stress; Autophagy; Apoptosis; Autophagic flux. |
[112] | EA.hy926, HUVECs | PM2.5 SRM1648a, NIST, USA | PM2.5: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μg/cm2; Fer-1 and DFOM (ferroptosis inhibitors): 500 nM and 5 μM, respectively. | 24 h or 12 h | Cell viability; intracellular iron content; GSH; lipid peroxidation; redox imbalance; ferroptosis-related genes or biomarkers. |
[113] | PCAECs | Fine dust, ERM-CZ100, Sigma-Aldrich, USA | Fine dust: 1, 3, 10, 30, 100 μg/ml; NAC: 10 mM; Losartan: 10 μM. | 48 h or 1, 4, 24 h | SA-β-gal; platelet aggregation; cell proliferation; Oxidative stress; Relaxation; Senescence. |
[114] | HUVECs | Beijing, China | PM2.5: 2, 20, 100 μg/ml; NAC: 5 mmol/l | 6, 12, 24 h | VE-cadherin; VEGFR2 and MAPK/ERK signaling; ROS; SOD. |
[108] | HUVECs | Beijing, China | PM2.5: 80 μg/ml; miR-21 inhibitor | 24 h | miR-21; target genes; VE-cadherin. |
[115] | HUVECs | Mexico | PM2.5: 20 μg/cm2; | 3, 24, 48, 72 h | Oxidative stress; NF-κB; Apoptosis. |
[116] | HUVECs | Wuhan, China | PM2.5: 6.25, 12.5, 25 μg/ml; SP600125 (JNKs inhibitor); SB203580 (p38K inhibitor); PD98059 (ERKs inhibitor); | 24 h | AP-1; Oxidative stress; pro-inflammatory response. |
[117] | HUVECs, HMEC-1 | PM2.5 NIST, USA | PM2.5: 100, 200, 400, 800 μg/ml; | 24 h | Cell viability; Apoptosis; Migration; Tube formation; ROS; Inflammation. |
[118] | EA.hy926 | Yuquan Road, Beijing, China | PM2.5: 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/ml; SP600125 (JNK inhibitor): 25 μM; U0126 (ERK inhibitor): 10μM; SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor): 25μM; LY294002 (PI3K/AKT inhibitor): 25μM; BAY11-7082 (NF-kB inhibitor): 5μM. | 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 h | Cell viability; ROS; Adhesion molecule; Adhesion experiment. |
[119] | HUVECs | COFs-derived PM2.5 | PM2.5: 12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200μg/ml; SU5416 (a VEGFR2 inhibitor): 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 20 μM. | 12, 24, 36 h | Cell viability; Tube formation. |
[120] | HUVECs | Taiyuan, China | PM2.5: 1, 5, 10 μg/ml; Pam3CSK4 (TLR2 agonist): 1μg/ml; LPS (TLR4 agonist): 500μg/ml; anti-TLR2 (TLR2 inhibitor): 10μg/ml; TAK242 (TLR4 inhibitor): 5μmol/l. | 12 h | Inflammation. |
[121] | MAECs | Wuhan, China | PM2.5: 25, 50, 100 μg/ml; NS-398 (COX-2 inhibitor): 10μM. | 12, 24 h | Apoptosis. |
[122] | HUVECs, ATG12-KO HUVECs | Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) | DEP: 25, 50 μg/ml; NAC: 5 mM; Nutllin-3a: 5 μM; PMA (ROS inducer): 1μM | 2, 4, 8, 24 h | Cell viability; ROS; Cytokeleton; Lysosome; Apoptosis; DNA damage; Tube formation; Migration; Autophagy. |
[123] | HAECs | DEP | DEP: 12.5, 25, 50μg/ml; | 2, 4, 6 h | Permeability; LDH; Apoptosis; ZO-1. |
[124] | HUVECs | Non-industry district, Shanghai, China | PM2.5: 100, 200, 400 μg/ml; Atorvastatin: 0.1, 1, 10 μmol/l. | 24 h | Water-soluble and organic extracts; Cell viability; Oxidative stress; Cytokines. |
[125] | HCAECs | Southern Taiwan | PM2.5: 20, 50 μg/ml; | 4 h | Metal fume particles; Cell viability; 8-OHdG; IL-6; NO. |
[126] | HUVECs | Mexico | PM2.5: 5, 10, 20, 40 μg/cm2; TNF-α: 10 ng/ml. | 6 or 24 h | Cell viability; Adhesion; Adhesion molecules. |
[127] | HUVECs | Beijing, China | PM2.5: 5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/ml; Rap: 100 nmol/l; 3-MA: 5 mmol/l. | 24 h | Cell viability; Autophagosome; Autophagy. |
[128] | EA.hy926 | Coal-fired PM2.5 (Yinchuan, Datong, Jingxi, Zhijin, China) | PM2.5: 10, 25, 50 μg/ml; | 24 h | Cell viability; DNA methylation; DNA damage. |