Table 3 Changes in blood chemistry, cellular, HRV, inflammatory, lung function, and repolarization measures (95%CI): 1 h after exposure (Post) and approximately 20 h after exposure (Follow-up). Mean change is expressed per 37.8 μg/m³ of PM_2.5, which corresponds to average concentrated PM_2.5 exposure across subjects

Blood Chemistry

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

1.4 (− 3.0, 5.9)

0.6 (− 3.1, 4.4)

HDL (mg/dL)

− 0.4 (− 5.3, 4.6)

− 1.4 (− 6.3, 3.6)

LDL (mg/dL)

5.5 (− 3.7, 14.6)

4.3 (− 1.9, 10.8)

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

− 14.3 (− 40.5, 13.3)

− 17.3 (− 41.2, 6.6)

VLDL (mg/dL)

− 12.9 (− 38.4, 13.9)

−16.8 (− 41.2, 7.6)

D-Dimer (ng/mL)

10.7 (− 12.1, 33)

− 4.4 (− 21.5, 12.6)

LDH (IU/L)

− 6.9 (− 13.3, − 0.5)

− 11.2 (− 17.4, − 5.0)

PAI-1 (ng/mL)

−1.2 (− 16.2, 13.6)

7.0 (− 15.9, 29.3)

Plasminogen (%)

2.2 (− 5.1, 9.6)

1.7 (− 6.9, 10.4)

Protein (g/dL)

− 0.2 (− 3.2, 2.8)

0.1 (− 1.9, 2.2)

tPA (ng/mL)

3.9 (− 3.8, 11.4)

− 3.5 (− 13.1, 5.8)

vWF (%)

− 6.9 (− 23.0, 9.2)

6.0 (− 7.5, 19.5)

Cellular

Basophils (%)

− 3.6 (− 51.2, 44.0)

− 0.4 (− 38.1, 40.4)

Eosinophils (10³ cells/uL)

− 38.4 (− 146.2, 70.8)

− 4.5 (− 19.6, 11.5)

Eosinophils (%)

1.2 (− 15.8, 18.3)

2.1 (− 16.9, 21.7)

Lymphocytes (%)

2.1 (− 3.5, 7.7)

6.3 (− 0.9, 14.2)

Monocytes (10³ cells/uL)

− 2.2 (− 13.8, 9.1)

− 2.6 (− 14.2, 8.3)

Monocytes (%)

0.8 (− 11.1, 12.3)

2.9 (− 8.1, 13.6)

Neutrophils (%)

−6.5 (− 13.9, 0.8)

−5.7 (− 11.1, − 0.6)

Platelets (10³ cells/uL)

− 0.8 (− 6.3, 4.8)

− 0.5 (− 4.7, 3.8)

RBC (10³ cells/uL)

− 0.5 (− 2.5, 1.4)

− 1.6 (− 3.2, 0.0)

WBC (10³ cells/uL)

3.3 (− 11.8, 18.5)

−4.8 (− 14.1, 4.5)

HRV

HF/LF

12.7 (− 17.4, 42.7)

17.0 (− 31.3, 65.2)

HFn

8.6 (− 6.4, 23.7)

13.0 (− 12.8, 38.7)

LFn

−0.7 (− 19.1, 16.6)

− 13.3 (− 31.3, 4.8)

pNN50 (# of NN intervals)

2.0 (− 33.8, 38.0)

154.5 (− 178.2, 487.2)

SDNN (ms)

−6.6 (− 25.2, 12.0)

10.6 (− 21.8, 43.0)

Inflammatory

CRP (ng/mL)

9.1 (1.0, 17.2)

22.8 (−2.9, 48.7)

IL-1b (pg/mL)

−3.0 (− 14.7, 8.7)

1.9 (−8.7, 13.1)

IL-6 (pg/mL)

12.7 (−9, 34.4)

−3.0 (− 17.3, 11.5)

IL-8 (pg/mL)

−1.5 (−9.9, 7.0)

0.8 (− 13.2, 14.8)

sICAM (ng/mL)

10.7 (4., 17.5)

6.5 (−1.7, 14.7)

SAA (ng/mL)

8.7 (1.3, 16.1)

34.6 (13.1, 56.1)

sVCAM (ng/mL)

6.6 (1.3, 12.0)

2.5 (−3.9, 8.9)

TNF-a (pg/mL)

−1.4 (−6.1, 3.3)

0.2 (−7.1, 7.5)

Lung function

FEF 25–75%

−1.6 (−4.3, 1.1)

0.6 (−2.4, 3.5)

FEV₁

−0.8 (−1.7, 0.0)

0.6 (− 0.8, 1.8)

FEV₁/FVC

−1.2 (− 2.4, − 0.1)

0.0 (− 1.2, 1.2)

FVC

0.2 (− 0.8, 1.1)

0.9 (− 0.6, 2.4)

PEF

− 1.8 (−3.7, 0.1)

− 1.0 (− 3.6, 1.6)

Repolarization

Max HR (beats per min)

−3.3 (−9.3, 2.6)

1.9 (−6.5, 10.2)

Mean HR (beats per min)

− 1.9 (−8.6, 4.5)

−0.4 (−6.2, 5.5)

Min HR (beats per min)

−0.9 (−9.3, 7.6)

−1.7 (− 9.7, 6.2)

P-wave (ms)

10.5 (4.0, 17.1)

−5.7 (− 20, 8.7)

QRS complex (ms)

2.2 (−1.6, 6.0)

−4.6 (−9.9, 0.7)

QT interval (ms)

−0.1 (−1.7, 1.5)

0.4 (−2.2, 3.1)

QTc interval (ms)

−0.3 (−1.1, 0.6)

0.1 (−1.6, 1.7)

T-wave (ms)

−0.9 (−9.7, 7.9)

−6.1 (−13.2, 1.2)