(A) | ||||||
In vitro responses to TiO2 exposure | ||||||
Biological endpoint | HBE | Caco2 | THP-1 | |||
17 nm | 117 nm | 17 nm | 117 nm | 17 nm | 117 nm | |
Cell metabolic activity | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Cell viability | No | No | No | No | No | No |
DNA damage | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
GSH | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
TEER | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | n/a | n/a |
IL-8 | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
IL-6 | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
TNF-α | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
IL-1β | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
(B) | ||||||
In vivo responses to TiO2 exposure | ||||||
Biological endpoint | Aspiration | Gavage | ||||
17 nm | 117 nm | 17 nm | 117 nm | |||
BAL cell number | No | No | n/a | n/a | ||
BALF LDH | No | Yes | n/a | n/a | ||
BALF proteins | No | No | n/a | n/a | ||
BAL macrophages | No | No | n/a | n/a | ||
BAL neutrophils | No | No | n/a | n/a | ||
BAL lymphocytes | Yes | Yes | n/a | n/a | ||
Blood lymphocytes | No | No | No | No | ||
Blood monocytes | No | No | No | No | ||
Blood granulocytes | No | No | No | No | ||
Lung Ti | Yes | Yes | n/a | n/a | ||
Blood Ti | No | No | No | No | ||
BAL DNA damage | No | No | n/a | n/a | ||
Blood DNA damage | n/a | n/a | Yes | Yes | ||
GSH lung | No | No | n/a | n/a | ||
GSH liver | n/a | n/a | No | No |