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Table 2 Second messengers in cell culture undernatants of the tetraculture after DEPM exposure for 6, 24 and 48 h as markers for tier 2

From: Endothelial responses of the alveolar barrier in vitro in a dose-controlled exposure to diesel exhaust particulate matter

   

80 ng/cm2

240 ng/cm2

Cytokine

Function

 

6 h

24 h

48 h

6 h

24 h

48 h

   

pg/mL

pg/mL

pg/mL

pg/mL

pg/mL

pg/mL

L-6

Hematopoiesis, thrombopoiesis; induces T cell proliferation and differentiation; Variable effects on cytokine release by monocytes

control

19.5 ± 5.7

34.3 ± 6.3

29.8 ± 7.5

19.4 ± 3.7

30.9 ± 10.1

22.7 ± 5.7

exposed

27.9 ± 5.2

30.3 ± 4.5

39.6 ± 14.3

19.2 ± 6.0

25.5 ± 3.4

29.9 ± 6.7

IL-8

Chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine; activates neutrophils inducing chemotaxis, exocytosis and the respiratory burst; elicits neutrophil accumulation at the site of inflammation

control

5815 ± 610

6183 ± 530

6236 ± 665

4719 ± 484

6163 ± 540

5531 ± 693

exposed

4905 ± 754

5218 ± 681

4908 ± 673

4866 ± 807

5092 ± 596

4905 ± 785

TNF-α

Monocyte activation, cytokine and prostaglandin upregulation; Endothelial cell adhesion molecule and cytokine release upregulation

control

4.0 ± 1.7

3.9 ± 0.4

10.3 ± 2.9

2.9 ± 0.7

4.6 ± 0.8

11.7 ± 2.8

exposed

4.0 ± 1.4

6.2 ± 1.1

6.1 ± 0.9

3.1 ± 1.3

6.4 ± 1.6

8.0 ± 1.7

GM-CSF

Granulocyte and monocyte maturation; leukocyte prostaglandin release; DC maturation; pulmonary surfactant turnover

control

10.9 ± 2.7

23.7 ± 1.4

81.0 ± 12.8

6.8 ± 1.5

23.9 ± 2.5

82.4 ± 5.2

exposed

6.3 ± 1.5

24.6 ± 4.0

78.2 ± 12.6

23.0 ± 16.6

23.4 ± 2.5

83.7 ± 10.4

MCP-1

Plays a crucial role in initiating atherosclerosis by recruiting macrophages and monocytes to the vessel wall

control

4832 ± 1181

6000 ± 1189

10545 ± 1308

4832 ± 1181

7428 ± 1087

8985 ± 942

exposed

4697 ± 1187

7814 ± 493

8708 ± 1187

4315 ± 621

6974 ± 473

8392 ± 1129

  1. Tetracultures were exposed to 80 ng/cm2 and 240 ng/cm2 DEPM. After exposure, undernatants were collected and analyzed for the 30 different second messengers using a MESO QuickPlex SQ120. In table 2 are only reported those that were of relevance for early endothelial activation. Data represents the mean of at least four independent experiments ± SEM