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Table 1 Physico-chemical characteristics of the NFC samples under study

From: In vitro biological responses to nanofibrillated cellulose by human dermal, lung and immune cells: surface chemistry aspect

 

ζ-potential (mV)

NFC

Surface modification

Content of functional groups (mmol/g) a

Degree of crystallinityb (%)

Fibre diameter (in PBS) c

NaCl d

DMEM e

RPMI1640 f

U-NFC

none

0.03g

36

20–30 nm fibril aggregates

−11.3 ± 1.3

−4.0 ± 0.2

−5.2 ± 0.6

A-NFC

Carboxy-methylation

0.53 g

32

4–5 nm individual fibrils

−34.1 ± 1.7

−12.7 ± 2.7

−12.6 ± 1.6

C-NFC

EPTMAC quaternization

1.60 h

32

4–5 nm individual fibrils

24.2 ± 2.0

−7.2 ± 2.9

−8.1 ± 2.0

  1. a Data from [24]
  2. b Determined by XRD measurements from previous study [18]
  3. c Determined by TEM
  4. d Determined in 10 mM NaCl at 25 °C and at pH 7.4–7.5
  5. e Determined at 37 °C and at pH 7.5–7.8
  6. f Determined at 37 °C and at pH 7.9–8.1
  7. g Carboxyl groups
  8. h Hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium groups