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Fig. 6 | Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Fig. 6

From: In vitro biological responses to nanofibrillated cellulose by human dermal, lung and immune cells: surface chemistry aspect

Fig. 6

Cytokine production after NFC exposure. a TNF-α and b IL1-β concentration in the supernatants of THP-1 macrophages exposed to increasing doses of NFC (50–500 μg/mL) for 24 h. For the U-NFC sample cytokine secretion was assessed in the presence of PMB in order to supress the contribution of endotoxin contamination to the secreted cytokine levels. MCC is a commercial grade nanocellulose used as a reference material. Negative control represents untreated cells. Cells treated with LPS (1 ng/mL), an inducer of cytokine production, represent the positive control of the assay. The data are presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. Significant results as compared to the negative control are marked with asterisks (*p < 0.05 and **** p < 0.0001)

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