Size | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical composition (doses) | Primary size (nm) | Hydrodynamic diameter (nm) | IL-1β release | Identified mechanisms | Cell type | Reference |
Amorphous silica (100–1000 μg/ml) | 20 | 295 | ++++ | Lysosomal acidification and cathepsin B activity | Macrophages | [97] |
67 | 91 | +++ | Lysosomal acidification and cathepsin B activity | |||
369 | 531 | ++ | N.a. | |||
500 - 10000 | 342 - 5560 | + | Lysosomal acidification and cathepsin B activity | |||
30 | / | ++++ | Actin-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal acidification | Macrophages | [82] | |
100 | / | +++ | Actin-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal acidification | |||
300 | / | +++ | Actin-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal acidification | |||
1000 | / | +++ | Actin-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal acidification | |||
3000 | / | ++ | Actin-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal acidification | |||
10000 | / | +/− | Lysosomal acidification | |||
Carbon black (62–687 μg/ml) | 53,7 | 235 | ++ | N.a. | Monocytes | [165] |
525 | 636 | + | N.a. | |||
14 | / | ++ | N.a. | Monocytes | [166] | |
260 | / | - | N.a. | |||
Silver (0.15 – 0.9 μg/ml) | 5 | / | ++ | Potassium efflux and oxydative stress | Monocytes | [116] |
28 | / | + | Potassium efflux and oxydative stress | |||
100 | / | - | N.a. | |||
Polystyrene (120 – 3000 μg/ml) | 1000 | / | ++++ | N.a. | Dendritic cells | [36] |
430 | / | +++ | Actin-mediated endocytosis, lysosomal acidification cathepsin B activity and potassium efflux | |||
10 000 | / | ++ | N.a. | |||
32 000 | / | + | N.a. |