From: Assessing particle and fiber toxicology in the respiratory system: the stereology toolbox
Lung pathology | Histopathology | Stereological parameter |
---|---|---|
Pulmonary inflammation | Inflammatory cells | Number of inflammatory cells |
Apoptotic cells | Number of apoptotic cells | |
Cell proliferation | Number of proliferating cells | |
Pulmonary edema (septal, interstitial, alveolar) | Volume of edematous fluid | |
Thickening of air-blood barrier | Mean thickness of epithelium, interstitium and endothelium in air-blood barrier (EM) | |
COPD | Emphysema (I) | Number of alveoli |
Emphysema (II) | Volume of alveolar airspace | |
Emphysema (III) | Alveolar surface area | |
Septal thickening | Mean septal thickness | |
Broncho-epithelial cell hyperplasia | Mean broncho-epithelial thickness | |
Mucous cell metaplasia | Mucus per epithelial basement membrane | |
Inflammatory cell infiltration | Number of inflammatory cells | |
Asthma/allergic airway disease | Lymphocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cell | Number of inflammatory cells |
Mucous cell metaplasia | Mucus per epithelial basement membrane | |
Smooth muscle cell mass | Volume of smooth muscle cells | |
Fibrosis | Fibroblast hyperplasia | Number of fibroblasts |
Inflammatory cell infiltration | Number of inflammatory cells | |
Septal thickening | Mean septal thickness | |
Tissue scarring | Volume of non-functional parenchyma | |
Collagen deposition | Volume of parenchymal collagen | |
Cancer | Cell proliferation | Number of proliferative cells |
Tumor cell characteristics | Number of cells positive for tumor marker | |
Metastasis (I) | Volume of metastasis | |
Metastasis (II) | Number of metastatic nodules |