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Table 1 Description of study participants and 5-minute ECG measures

From: Elevated particle number concentrations induce immediate changes in heart rate variability: a panel study in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism or diabetes

 

All (N = 64)

Type 2 diabetes (N = 32)

IGT (N = 32)

p-value

 

Mean

(SD)

 

Mean

(SD)

 

Mean

(SD)

 

Age (years)

66.0

(8.1)

 

66.8

(6.7)

 

65.3

(9.4)

0.47a

BMI (kg/m2)

30.0

(4.7)

 

30.8

(4.3)

 

29.3

(4.9)

0.18a

  

N

(%)

 

N

(%)

 

N

(%)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

≤30

34

(53)

 

15

(47)

 

19

(59)

0.32b

 

>30

30

(47)

 

17

(53)

 

13

(41)

 

Smoking

never smoker

26

(41)

 

10

(31)

 

16

(50)

0.20c

 

ex smoker

37

(58)

 

21

(66)

 

16

(50)

 
 

occasional smoker

1

(2)

 

1

(3)

 

0

(0)

 

Employed

no

50

(78)

 

27

(84)

 

23

(72)

0.23b

 

yes

14

(22)

 

5

(16)

 

9

(28)

 

HbA1c

<6.5%

49

(77)

 

18

(56)

 

31

(97)

<0.0001c

 

≥6.5%

15

(23)

 

14

(44)

 

1

(3)

 

History of

Coronary heart disease

4

(6)

 

3

(9)

 

1

(3)

0.61c

 

Angina pectoris

5

(8)

 

2

(6)

 

3

(9)

1.00c

 

Myocardial infarction

6

(9)

 

5

(16)

 

1

(3)

0.20c

 

Hypertension

41

(64)

 

21

(66)

 

20

(63)

0.79b

 

None of these diseases

21

(33)

 

9

(28)

 

12

(38)

0.42b

Medication use

Antidiabetics

18

(28)

 

17

(53)

 

1

(3)

<0.0001c

 

Beta blockers

19

(30)

 

12

(38)

 

7

(22)

0.17b

 

Statins

13

(20)

 

10

(31)

 

3

(9)

0.06c

 

None of the above

28

(44)

 

6

(19)

 

22

(69)

<0.0001c

ECG

 

N

Mean

(SD)

N

Mean

(SD)

N

Mean

(SD)

 

5 min-intervals

HR

14,874

79.3

(15.6)

7,312

77.7

(15.6)

7,562

80.8

(15.4)

<0.0001a

 

RMSSD

14,874

30.8

(30.1)

7,312

28.0

(27.3)

7,562

33.5

(32.3)

<0.0001a

 

SDNN

14,874

47.1

(25.1)

7,312

45.9

(24.6)

7,562

48.2

(25.5)

<0.0001a

1 h-intervals

HR

1,203

79.1

(14.4)

597

77.3

(14.4)

606

80.8

(14.1)

<0.0001a

 

RMSSD

1,203

33.9

(31.7)

597

32.5

(32.2)

606

35.1

(31.2)

0.16a

 

SDNN

1,203

76.7

(27.1)

597

77.5

(26.0)

606

76.0

(28.2)

0.32a

  1. IGT: impared glucose tolerance, SD: standard deviation, BMI: body mass index, HR: heart rate, RMSSD: root mean square of successive differences, SDNN: standard deviation of NN-intervals, at-test, bChi-square test, cFisher’s exact test.
  2. Antidiabetic medications include: insulins and analogues for injection and inhalation.