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Table 1 Physicochemical characteristics of engineered nanomaterials investigated - reproduced from Kermanizadeh, et al. [17]

From: An in vitro liver model - assessing oxidative stress and genotoxicity following exposure of hepatocytes to a panel of engineered nanomaterials

ENM code

ENM type

Phase

XRD Size[nm]

TEM Size

Primary characteristics by TEM analysis

Surface area (BET)[m 2/g]

Known coating

Size in MEM (DLS) Ψ

NM101

TiO2

Anatase

9

4-8/50-100

Two structures found; type 1 show agglomerates in the 50–1500 nm range

322

none

185, 742

NM110

ZnO

Zincite

70 to > 100

20-250/50-350

Mainly 2 euhedral morphologies: 1) aspect ratio close to 1 (20–250 nm range and few particles of approx. 400 nm)2) ratio 2 to 7.5 (50–350 nm). Minor amounts of particles with irregular morphologies observed.

14

none

306

NM111

ZnO

Zincite

58-93

20-200/10-450

As NM110, but with different size distributions. 1) particles with aspect ratio close to 1 (~90% in the 20–200 nm range); 2) particles with aspect ratio 2 to 8.5 (~90% in the 10–450 nm ratio).

18

Trie-othoxy-capry-lsilane 130

313

NM300

Ag

Agm

7$14£ < 18/15/> 100#

8-47 (av.: 17.5)

Mainly euhedral NP; minor fractions have either elongated (aspect ratio up to ~ 5) or sub-spherical morphology.

NA

none

12, 28, 114

NM400

MWCNT

-

-

D: 5–35L: 700-3000

Irregular entangled kinked and mostly bent MWCNT (10–20 walls). Some CNTs were capped and some cases multiple caps were found due to overgrowth. Fe/Co catalysts (6–9 nm, average 7.5 nm) were found inside the tubes.

298

none

*

NM402

MWCNT

-

-

D: 6–20L: 700-4000

Entangled irregular, mostly bent MWCNT (6–14 walls). Some tubes were capped by unknown material. Some nano-onions (5–10 nm) and amorphous carbon structures mixed with Fe (5–20 nm). Residual catalyst was observed. Individual catalyst particles up to 150 nm were also detected.

225

none

*

NRCWE001

TiO2

Rutile§

10

80-400

Irregular euhedral particles detected by TEM.

99

none

203

NRCWE002

TiO2

Rutile

10

80-400

Irregular euhedral particles detected by TEM.

84

Positive charged

287

NRCWE003

TiO2

Rutile

10

80-400

Irregular euhedral particles detected by TEM.

84

Negative charged

240, 1487

NRCWE004

TiO2

Rutile

App. 100

1-4/10-100/100-200/1000-2000

Five different particle types were identified: 1) irregular spheres, 1–4 nm (av. Diameter); 2) irregular euhedral particles, 10–100 nm (longest dimension); 3) fractal-like structures in long chains, 100–200 nm (longest dimension); 4) big irregular polyhedral particles, 1-2 μm (longest dimension); 5) large irregular particles with jagged boundaries, 1–2 μm (longest dimension).

  

339

  1. 1 percent rutile found in one of two samples analyzed.
  2. $ wet XRD in capillary tube.
  3. £ dried samples.
  4. # sample with deposits.
  5. § ca. 6% anatase was observed in one of two samples analyzed.
  6. * Not detectable by DLS due to the very large aspect ratio.
  7. Ψ Intensity based size average in biological media after 15 mins.
  8. Abbreviations: D Diamter, DLS Dynamic Light Scattering, ENM Engineered nanomaterial, L Length, XRD X ray diffraction.