Table 2 Experimental findings of neurobiological effects of specific ENPs

Cell morphology changes

Al₂O₃, TiO₂

Fe₂O₃, QDs

[11, 61, 67, 69, 70]

Increased inflammation signs and markers

MnO₂

[56, 62]

Increased oxidative stress

TiO₂, QDs

Degussa P25, ferritin, C60, Ag

[61, 67, 69, 72]

Antioxidative effects (inconsistent effects)

CeO, YO, C60

[73–76]

Neuron function (inhibition and facilitation)

MnO₂, Zn, TiO₂, QDs

Mn, Ag, ZnO, CuO, CNTs, TiO₂, QDs

[61, 67, 68, 77, 88]

Behaviour (negative effect)

MnO₂

[62]

Development and differentiation (inconsistent effects)

TiO₂

Fe₂O₃, Ag, TiO2

[65, 66, 84]

Accelerated protein fibrillation

TiO₂, CNT, QDs, CeO, copolymer particles

[86, 87]