Table 1 Genotoxicity of TiO 2 NPs in vivo studies
From: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data
Reference No. | Crystalline structure | Exposure mode | Dose | Test type | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[32] | P25 (75% anatase, 25% rutile) | Drink water (C57Bl/6Jmice) | 60, 120, 300, and 600 μg/ml | Comet assay | (+) |
Micronuclei assay (PCE) | (+) | ||||
γ-H2AX assay | (+) | ||||
Immunostaining assay | (+) | ||||
RT-PCR(TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL8) | (+) | ||||
RT-PCR(TGF-β, IL-10, IL-4) | (−) | ||||
[115] | Nano-TiO2 | intragastric administration | 100,1000, and 5000 mg/kg | Micronuclei assay (PCE) | (−) |
[142] | (20 nm), rutile (80 nm) | Inhalation (C57BL/6J mice) | 200 μg/ml | ELISA assay (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF) | (+) |
[145] | Anatase | Inhalation (ICR mice) | 0, 5,10, and 50 mg/kg | RT-PCR (IKK1, IKK2, NF-κB, NF-κBP52, NF-κBP65, TNF-α, and NIK) | (+) |
ELISA (IKK1, IKK2, NF-κB, NF-κBP52, NF-κBP65, TNF-α, and NIK) | (+) | ||||
[146] | Anatase | Intragastric administration (ICR mice) | 0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg | mRNA expression (NF-κB, TNF-α, Hsp70, IL-1α, MIF, INF-γ, TGF-β, CRP, CYP1A, IL-4,6,8,10,18) | (+) |
ELISA (NF-κB, TNF-α, Hsp70, IL-1α, MIF, INF-γ, TGF-β, CRP, CYP1A, IL-4,6,8,10,18) | (+) | ||||
[147] | Anatase | Intratracheal instillation (ICR mice) | 0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg | RT-PCR (NF-κB, IκB, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, IL-6, IL-1α, COX-2, HO-1, CYP1A1 and HSP-70) | (+) |
ELISA (NF-κB, IκB, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, IL-6, IL-1α, COX-2, HO-1, CYP1A1 and HSP-70) | (+) | ||||
[148] | Anatase, 100% | Intraperitoneal injection (ICR mice) | 0, 5, 50, 150 mg/kg | RT-PCR (caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, and cytochrome c) | (+) |
ELISA (caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, and cytochrome c) | (+) | ||||
[149] | UV-Titanium (rutile, 17 nm) | Inhalation (C57BL/6BomTac mice) | 42 mg/m3 | DNA strand breaks | (−) |
DNA microarrays (Cyp26b1, Ttr, and Ugt3a2) | (+) | ||||
RT-PCR (Cyp26b1, Ttr, and Ugt3a2) | (−) | ||||
[150] | P20 (coated with polyalcohol) | Inhalation (C57BL/6BomTac mice) | 42.4 mg/m3 | Gene Expression Analysis (Copine5, Saa1, and Saa3) | (−) |
DNA microarray | (−) | ||||
PCR (cxcl-5, cxcl1, ccl2, ccl22, ccl7, ccr4, and TNF) | (+) | ||||
[151] | UV-Titanium (coated with polyalcohol, 20.6nm) | Inhalation (C57BL/6J mice) | 42.4 mg/m3 | Expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) assays | (−) |
[152] | TiO2 (97%) | Inhalation (C57BL/6J mice) | 0, 0.8, 7.2, 28.5 mg/m3 | Micronuclei assay (PCE) | (−) |
Comet assay | (−) | ||||
[153] | P25 (15 nm, ultrafine) | Inhalation (Wistar rats) | 10.4 mg/m3 | DNA adduct | (+) |
[178] | Anatase | Intraperitioneal injection (ICR mice) | 0, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg | DNA damage | (+) |